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GCP Short: Implementing a new captive investment strategy

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Shadrack Kwasa, London & Capital
Adele Gale, Robus Group

In this GCP Short, produced in partnership with ⁠London & Capital⁠, Richard is joined by Shadrack Kwasa, executive director at London & Capital, and Adele Gale, Deputy Managing Director of Robus Group in Guernsey, to discuss onboarding and implementing a new investment strategy for your captive.

Shadrack and Adele debate the typical and variety of investment appetites amongst captive owners, why fixed income products are popular and the potential drawbacks of this approach and how to go about switching or onboarding a new strategy.

For more information London & Capital, you can visit their ⁠Friend of the Podcast page⁠.

Symphony Grow launches cannabis captive product

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Symphony Grow has launched a captive product for the cannabis industry.

Symphony Grow is part of Texas-based insurance services company, Symphony Risk Solutions, and said business owners in the cannabis industry can now establish their own captive.

It is not clear how the captive has been structured or where it is domiciled and whether it is providing a cell facility.

Captive Intelligence published a long-read last March, highlighting that cannabis captives were likely to be an expanding opportunity in the US.

“After ten years of insuring cannabis companies and facing challenges in obtaining adequate and affordable coverage, we have successfully addressed a longstanding issue in the industry,” said TJ Frost, president of Symphony Grow.

“In addition to offering more comprehensive coverages, the creation of an entity’s own insurance company can yield a return on investment, in contrast to the traditional insurer / insured relationship where the premium is considered a sunk cost.”

Symphony Grow said by utilising its captive solution, cannabis companies can insure themselves by utilising customised coverages that are often unavailable or expensive in the commercial market.

Howden enters captives with Guernsey-based ARM purchase

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Howden has ventured into the captive market with the acquisition of Guernsey-based ARM Group Holdings (ARM), the parent of Alternative Risk Management, an independent European insurance manager and a specialist in the formation and management of captives.

ARM is a group of companies that provide insurance management services to clients worldwide. 

The firm also has a management licence in Bermuda, and currently manages around 80 captives.

“In-house captive capabilities are an essential piece of the puzzle in order for us to provide unparalleled solutions for our large and multinational clients,” said Morwenna Howell, managing director and global practice leader at Howden Multinational Clients Practice.

“This is a growing market with strong demand for new entrants, and by harnessing the power of our global network, our market-leading specialty, reinsurance and analytics capabilities, and now, our enhanced captive capabilities, we look forward to continuing our growth.”

Howden’s acquisition of ARM comes amid a flurry of activity within the Guernsey captive market.

Earlier this week, Insurance services provider PoloWorks announced the launch of Polo Insurance Managers (PIM) in Guernsey in a bid to fill the gap left by recent consolidation in the captive management market.

PIM has received ‘approval in principle’ from the Guernsey Financial Services Commission (GFSC) and will be supported by Polo Commercial Insurance Services which employs 350 UK based insurance specialists.

Captive Intelligence reported in January that Strategic Risk Solutions had agreed to buy Robus from Adonagh Group, and we understand there are other remaining independent insurance managers in Guernsey who are in advanced discussions with proposed acquisition partners.

“We have built a robust, successful business in the last 20 years, and joining with Howden represents the logical next step in our journey,” said Charles Scott, managing director at ARM.

“It has been an easy decision to make as we already manage a number of Howden clients, allowing us to get to know them and vice-versa.

“We share Howden’s entrepreneurial spirit and client-centric approach and look forward to providing worldwide captive solutions to Howden and other clients.”

Legislation could prompt more Italian captive activity


  • Italy’s first two captives licensed with more expected to follow
  • Time required to educate IVASS on captive regulation
  • Solvency II proportionality reform could push captive numbers

A swathe of new captives could form in Italy if the Italian regulator introduces specific legislation.

Under current laws, captives are generally regulated under the same legislation as traditional carriers, which can be onerous for smaller insurance companies such as captives.

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DARAG completes two captive legacy transactions

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Legacy acquirer DARAG Group has completed two undisclosed captive legacy transactions in Bermuda and the Cayman Islands.

Each portfolio insured workers compensation, general liability and auto liability exposure.

The first transaction involved a Bermuda-domiciled captive for insured risks through to 2016 and was completed at the end of 2023.

The second was an undisclosed Cayman-domiciled captive for insured risks through 2015 and was concluded in early 2024.

“Completing these transactions is an excellent way to begin 2024,” said Tom Booth, CEO of DARAG.

“They demonstrate the busy year DARAG North America has had and show that there is increased interest for bespoke legacy solutions that enable insurers to achieve finality for their books of business.”

Both transactions were executed by way of novation with the captives and their respective fronting carrier.

Earlier this month, DARAG acquired a Hawaii-domiciled captive carrying a portfolio of workers’ compensation business.

In October, DARAG concluded a novation agreement between an undisclosed Benelux based captive, the captive’s policyholder and DARAG’s German insurance carrier DARAG Deutschland AG.

In July, it was announced that DARAG had concluded two transactions with undisclosed North American captive insurance companies.

“Agreements like these are vital in supporting our clients, allowing our counterparties to release capital, achieve full legal finality and operate more efficiently,” said Joel Neal, executive vice president, M&A, at DARAG North America.

“The conclusion of these deals also shows the continuation of a successful partnership with Guy Carpenter’s captive segment, who advised both sellers.”

Luxembourg licences five new captives in 2023

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Luxembourg licensed five new reinsurance companies in 2023, of which the majority are considered captives.

There were also five reinsurance company closures in 2023, meaning the total number of reinsurance companies domiciled in Luxembourg in 2023 remained the same as in 2022 at 195.

Luxembourg’s total gross written premium for 2022 was €12bn, and its assets under management (AuM) was €25.6bn. The 2023 figure will be available later this year.

Luxembourg is the largest captive domicile in the European Union, well known for its equalisation provision which makes it a popular destination for reinsurance captives.

The regulator does not publicly distinguish between reinsurance captives and reinsurance companies, but the vast majority of its 195 reinsurance licences are considered captives.

The potential introduction of PCCs in Luxembourg has been debated in recent years, but one barrier to progress is figuring out how it would work in tandem with the equalisation provision.

Valerie Scheepers, head of the non-life and reinsurance department at the Commissariat aux Assurances, previously told Captive Intelligence that PCCs are “clearly on the radar” and the regulator is open to developing new regulation to the extent that there is demand for it.

Captive Intelligence published an article in December, detailing that Luxembourg’s established and attractive equalisation provision, in addition to its long-standing reputation, are expected to maintain the jurisdiction’s popularity as an EU domicile choice for reinsurance captives, despite increasing competition from new European domiciles such as France and Italy.

Switzerland sees trend in captives re-domesticating from Liechtenstein

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A number of Swiss owned captives that were previously domiciled in Liechtenstein are now launching new captives or re-domesticating back to Switzerland.

Switzerland and Liechtenstein are heavily intertwined, and Swiss companies have historically registered their captives in Liechtenstein as a means of accessing freedom of services as Liechtenstein is in the European Union, while being able to write in their home country.

Daniele Zucchi, managing director at Sigurd Rück, said that one reason for this new trend is because the business models that these companies have no longer requires cooperation with the EU market.

“We have seen a wave of re-domiciliation from Liechtenstein, but we have also seen a wave of captives redomiciling from other places like Bermuda.” Zucchi told Captive Intelligence.

Captive Intelligence reported last year that telecommunications company Swisscom had re-domesticated its Liechtenstein reinsurer to Switzerland, first establishing a new subsidiary and then merging in the existing vehicle.

Swisscom Re AG has received a C1 reinsurance licence, rather than a C3 typical for a Swiss captive, and is self-managed.

Matthias Rittmeier, senior captive insurance consultant at Marsh Captive Solutions, said that some Swiss companies that are or were previously active in Liechtenstein, or other domiciles, are under a lot of public scrutiny, and must be seen to be doing everything in best practice.

“I think the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) initiative and this public scrutiny have contributed to internal re-evaluations of the captive’s location and supported the board decisions to move their captives back to Switzerland or at least to consider it as a serious alternative to the status quo,” he said.

Despite some captives looking to leave the country, Rittmeier said Liechtenstein is still in demand.

“It’s a very small domicile, but it is very good at filling a particular niche for direct writers, not just captives, as it’s the only country where you can direct write without any issues straight into Switzerland and into the European Union,” he told Captive Intelligence.

“If you have a company in Switzerland, you need to open branches in the various EU member states.”

Rittmeier said that as far as he is aware there are no new captives from Switzerland setting up in Liechtenstein.

“If anything, it’s on the reverse, but there are other companies that are still interested in Lichtenstein.”

Captive intelligence published a long read in February detailing that Switzerland has all the infrastructure to be a leading European captive domicile, but the jurisdiction could benefit from greater self-promotion on the international stage.

Peter Strauss pleads guilty to fraud, captive premiums implicated

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Peter Strauss, a captive insurance author, lawyer and principal of South Carolina-based Hamilton Captive Management (HCM), has pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting the transfer of funds from the owners of a renewable energy company, to prevent the government from taking the funds into its control.

Strauss was also the owner of law firm, Strauss Law Firm, that specialised in estate and tax planning, asset protection and the implementation of captive solutions.

He has published several books on captive insurance, including Captive Insurance Companies for the Small Business Owner, and The Definitive Guide to Captive Insurance Companies.

On 9 February, the U.S. Attorney’s Office in the District of South Carolina published a statement stating that evidence had revealed Strauss knowingly transferred millions of dollars for Jeff and Paulette Carpoff, two individuals who have since been convicted and sentenced for their roles in the large criminal fraud scheme.

The Carpoffs owned California-based renewable energy products company, DC Solar Solutions, and DC Solar Distribution.

Following the execution of search and seizure warrants related to an investigation into the Carpoffs’ company, Strauss received $11m from the Carpoffs.

The first $5m was transferred into Strauss’ interest on lawyers’ trust account (IOLTA) and distributed to various criminal defence attorneys and bankruptcy counsel, as well as to Carpoffs’ captive insurance funds, managed by Strauss’ captive management company.

On 28 December, Strauss received an additional $3m, used to pay the Carpoffs’ captive premiums.

On 15 January 2019, the Carpoffs wired Strauss $3m into Strauss’ IOLTA account, and the funds were comingled in Strauss’ IOLTA account and spent over the next few months.

By pleading guilty, Strauss admitted that by the time of the $3m transfer, he knowingly transferred and aided and abetted the transfer of funds from Carpoff to prevent the government’s authority to take such property into its control.

Strauss has agreed to pay $2.7m in restitution to the Federal Clerk of Court at or before the sentencing.

On 24 January 2020, Jeff Carpoff pleaded guilty in California to money laundering and wire fraud and was sentenced to 30 years in prison, while Paulette Carpoff pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit an offense against the US and money laundering.

She was sentenced to 11 years and three months on 28 June 2022.

US District Judge Richard Gergel accepted Strauss’ guilty plea and will sentence him after reviewing a sentencing report.

Strauss faces a maximum penalty of five years in federal prison. He also faces a fine of up to $250,000, restitution, and three years of supervision to follow the term of imprisonment. 

On 18 December 2018, the FBI and other federal law enforcement agencies executed numerous search warrants on the businesses associated with DC Solar, as well as the personal residences of the Carpoff’s.

Several seizure warrants were also executed on bank accounts and assets associated with DC Solar and its principals.

The search warrants were conducted in conjunction with a large-scale investigation regarding an investment fraud and money laundering scheme being operated by the principals of DC Solar.

At the time, federal authorities alleged that the Carpoff’s committed wire fraud and tax fraud and diverted investors’ money for personal use.

The Federal authorities also alleged that DC Solar manufactured only a small percentage of the mobile solar generators and created fictitious lease agreements to show their investors in order to obtain investments.

North Carolina licence 49 new captives in 2023

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North Carolina licensed 49 new captives in 2023, while there were 32 surrendered licences, taking the total number of captives in the domicile to 311, compared to 294 in 2023.

There were also 28 new cells and series licensed by the State, taking the total to 758 compared to 730 in 2022.

The number of single parent captives increased by 19 to 234 in 2023, while the number of special purpose vehicles increased by three to 21. The number of protected cell companies declined from 51 to 46.

Of the 311 year-end total, 234 are single parent captives, 46 are protected cell companies, 10 are risk retention groups, and 21 are special purpose captives.

North Carolina’s total gross written premium for 2022 was $1.3bn. The 2023 figure will be available later this year.

“Since the passage of the Captive Insurance Act 10 years ago, North Carolina’s program has experienced tremendous growth,” said North Carolina’s Insurance Commissioner Mike Causey.

“I am excited that the Department’s captive insurance program continues to attract businesses to our state.”

The licences granted by the State during 2023 were both for new insurer formations as well as re-domestications to North Carolina from other domiciles.

Licenced captive insurers represent a wide variety of industries including healthcare, construction, financial services and insurance.

Missouri adds four new captives in 2023

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Missouri licensed four new captives in 2023, while seeing three surrender their licence, taking the total number of captives in the domicile to 55 at year end.

There were 54 active captives at the end of 2022.

Of the four new captives licensed in Missouri last year, three were single parent captives, and one was a special purpose life reinsurance captive (SPLRC).

Of the 55 year-end total, 44 are single parent captives, one is a cell company, one is an individual cell, one is an agency captive, one is a group or association captive, two are branch captives, and six are SPLRCs.

Missouri’s total gross written premium for 2022 was $3.5bn and its assets under management was $14.1bn. The 2023 figures will be available later this year.